How Strokes Affect the Brain: A Look at Vascular Dementia

When people think of dementia, Alzheimer’s disease often comes to mind. But did you know that vascular dementia is the second most common type of dementia? Unlike Alzheimer’s, which is caused by changes in brain proteins, vascular dementia is directly linked to problems with blood flow in the brain—most often due to strokes or mini-strokes (TIAs).

What is Vascular Dementia?

Vascular dementia occurs when reduced blood supply deprives brain cells of oxygen and nutrients, leading to damage over time. Depending on which areas of the brain are affected, people may experience memory loss, confusion, or difficulty with daily activities.

Causes and Risk Factors

The main cause is stroke, but other conditions that affect blood vessels in the brain—such as high blood pressure, diabetes, or high cholesterol—can also increase risk. Lifestyle factors like smoking, obesity, and lack of physical activity may further contribute.

Signs and Symptoms

Symptoms of vascular dementia can vary, but some common ones include:

• Trouble concentrating or following instructions

• Confusion or disorientation

• Slower thought processing

• Difficulty planning or organizing tasks

• Sudden mood or personality changes

Unlike Alzheimer’s, memory loss may not be the first symptom. Instead, problems with thinking speed and decision-making often appear earlier.

Can It Be Prevented?

While there is no cure for vascular dementia, prevention is possible by managing stroke risk factors:

• Keep blood pressure and cholesterol under control

• Manage diabetes with regular check-ups

• Stay physically active and eat a balanced diet

• Avoid smoking and excessive alcohol use

Living with Vascular Dementia

Treatment focuses on managing symptoms and preventing further strokes. Doctors may prescribe medications to control blood pressure, blood sugar, or cholesterol. Supportive care, such as memory aids, routines, and caregiver support, can also improve quality of life.